As Diwali draws near, Northern India, especially Delhi, grapples with a significant surge in air pollution that impacts both the environment and public health. This year, the festival falls on October 31, and already Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) has soared to "very poor" levels of 356, according to data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). This figure far surpasses the World Health Organization's safe limits, crossing it by more than tenfold. The CPCB categorizes an AQI between 201 and 300 as 'poor,' 301 to 400 as 'very poor,' and between 401 and 500 as 'severe.' With the anticipation of even worse air quality in the coming days, the population faces heightened health risks associated with various sources of seasonal pollution.
The reasons behind this seasonal spike in air pollution are multifaceted, with agricultural stubble burning and Diwali fireworks as primary contributors. Stubble burning, in particular, is a longstanding practice in neighboring states like Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh, where farmers set crop residue on fire to prepare their fields for the next planting season. Although the practice is technically banned due to its environmental consequences, alternatives have proven difficult for farmers to adopt. As a result, stubble burning emits significant amounts of harmful gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. These pollutants include carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), methane (CH₄), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). According to a 2020 study in Environmental Advances, the burning of 63 million tonnes of crop residue releases approximately 3.4 million tonnes of CO, 91 million tonnes of CO₂, 0.1 million tonnes of NOx, and 0.6 million tonnes of CH₄, alongside 1.2 million tonnes of particulate matter. Each of these pollutants contributes not only to smog and reduced visibility but also to respiratory and cardiovascular health issues.
Adding to this toxic mix is the pollution caused by firecrackers during Diwali celebrations. Fireworks release toxic substances like barium nitrate, potassium chlorate, aluminum, manganese, and iron oxides, which contribute to air toxicity and health hazards. While firecracker bans have been implemented in various areas, their enforcement remains a challenge. Firecrackers, particularly those that emit flying sparks, release persistent, harmful compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. These chemicals linger in the lower troposphere, remaining near the ground and increasing exposure risks for people in surrounding areas.
The health impacts of this elevated pollution are far-reaching. Those who do not have any lung disease can also suffer from effects such as throat irritation and limited oxygen intake. Pollutants irritate the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms that range from cough, wheezing, and breathlessness to exacerbating existing conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) is particularly hazardous; these tiny particles can bypass natural respiratory defenses and penetrate deep into the lungs, even entering the bloodstream. Such deep lung penetration of pollutants, combined with the toxic chemicals they carry, increases the risk of infections and promotes an environment conducive to respiratory diseases.
Multiple studies have also shown that particulate matter in the air can transport bacterial communities based on its source. For example, dust particles may carry bacteria from agricultural areas, whereas pollution from firecrackers may introduce other harmful microbial communities. Exposure to these microbial contaminants becomes especially dangerous in October and November, a time of year when seasonal respiratory infections, such as the common cold and flu, already see a spike. This pollution-induced vulnerability creates a risk of compounded health effects, particularly for those who have pre-existing respiratory conditions.
In response to the anticipated air quality decline, state governments have promoted "green crackers" that emit fewer pollutants, though these remain only a partial solution. Use of LED candles or electric diyas as eco-friendly options for Diwali lighting, noting that traditional candles and oil lamps can also contribute to indoor pollution. Below are some recommended strategies to reduce pollution exposure and protect respiratory health during this period:
Stay Indoors When Possible
Viewing fireworks from indoors or from a distance can help limit direct exposure to smoke and pollutants. When outdoors, maintaining a safe distance and positioning oneself upwind from firework displays can reduce the inhalation of harmful chemicals.
Limit Physical Activity Outdoors
Reducing physical exertion when outdoors can help avoid inhaling deeper breaths, which allow more pollutants to bypass natural nasal filters and enter the lungs. Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth also acts as a filter for airborne particles.
Monitor Local Air Quality Levels
Checking air quality levels using mobile apps or online resources can provide real-time updates on pollutant concentrations, allowing individuals to plan their activities accordingly. Staying indoors when levels of PM2.5, sulfur dioxide, or other toxins are particularly high is advised.
Install Air Purifiers in Your Home
Using air purifiers indoors can help to reduce indoor pollution and provide a cleaner breathing environment, particularly for vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly and those with existing respiratory issues.
Drink Plenty of Water and Consume Antioxidant-Rich Foods
Staying hydrated and eating foods high in antioxidants—such as berries, nuts, and leafy greens—can support lung health and aid in flushing pollutants from the body.
Use N95 Masks Outdoors
High-filtration masks, such as N95 masks, can filter out PM2.5 particles, providing a degree of protection for those who need to be outside during peak pollution times.
For individuals with underlying health conditions, the consequences of prolonged exposure to polluted air can be dire. Medical experts note that air pollution exposure is associated with chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma, emphysema, and even cancer in extreme cases. In addition to worsening respiratory conditions, studies have shown that air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. Health effects are not limited to respiratory issues alone; air pollution has been linked to neurological and developmental issues in children, as well as reduced life expectancy for adults.
Due to the compounding impact of air pollution, COVID-19 cases were also exacerbated during past seasons with high pollution, and although COVID-19 cases have now decreased, similar risks remain for other infections. Particulate matter and pollutants create an environment where viruses and bacteria can thrive, leading to a rise in illnesses such as bronchitis, flu, and other respiratory infections.
With Diwali season bringing elevated levels of pollution, taking preventive actions has become essential. Reducing outdoor exposure, staying informed on local AQI levels, and taking personal health measures like hydration and diet can help minimize pollution’s adverse effects. By prioritizing health and taking steps to limit exposure, individuals can safely enjoy Diwali while protecting themselves against the seasonal pollution surge.
Reference:
1. https://www.livehealthily.com/self-care/diwali-how-to-protect-yourself-from-pollution
2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100011
(Input from various sources)
(Rehash/Yash Kamble/MSM)