Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks its own body. There are more than eighty known types of autoimmune diseases. In many cases, autoimmune diseases can be treated by suppressing the immune system; however, a side effect of such treatment is that the patient has an increased risk of severe infectious diseases, which is a leading cause of death. Hence there is a need to establish novel therapies for autoimmune diseases to reduce the risk of infectious diseases.
The researchers showed that, in cell cultures, ITA inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells which have the potential to elaborate autoimmune diseases, and promoted that of Treg cells, which can ameliorate them
“Multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematosus are two of the many autoimmune diseases caused by a dysregulation of T cells,” Kono explained. “We were interested in two types of T cells: T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells. These cells have the same origin but have opposite functions in autoimmune diseases, and cell metabolites modulate their action. The metabolite we focused on was itaconate (ITA), as it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects.”
The researchers showed that, in cell cultures, ITA inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells which have the potential to elaborate autoimmune diseases, and promoted that of Treg cells, which can ameliorate them. Further, in mice models with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ITA reduced the disease symptoms. Further tests were conducted to confirm that this effect was due to its effect on T cells.
Investigations into the mechanism of action of ITA revealed that it inhibits essential metabolic pathways, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and methionine metabolism in Th17 and Treg cells. “ITA inhibits these pathways by directly inhibiting the enzymes methionine adenosyltransferase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, resulting in change of S-adenosyl-L-methionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio and 2-hydroxyglutarate levels,” Kono elaborated. “The altered cell metabolites also indirectly affect the chromatin accessibility of essential transcription factors and the synthesis of proteins required for the differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells.”
“Our results explain the mechanisms that underlie the modulation of T cell differentiation,” he concluded. “This could eventually lead to simple therapeutic approaches which regulate T cell differentiation, thereby treating T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.” (PB/Newswise)
