Archaeological Insights and Chronology
Taiwan’s prehistory is divided into three main periods: the Paleolithic (30,000–4,800 BP), Neolithic (4,800–2,400 BP), and Iron Age (2,400–400 BP). Evidence shows that tooth ablation began in the early Neolithic, around 4,800 BP, with the Dabenkeng culture marking the initial recorded instances. The high symmetry in the extracted teeth suggests intentional and ritualistic practices rather than incidental damage. As the Neolithic progressed, the practice persisted, evolving alongside regional cultural developments.
By the late Neolithic, tooth ablation remained common, though its prevalence among males began to decline, particularly in southern Taiwan’s Dahu Culture around 3,300 BP. Shifts in burial customs and cultural practices during this period reflect broader societal changes. By the Iron Age, tooth ablation was predominantly a female practice, with new modification styles emerging.
Evolution and Cultural Significance
The practice of tooth ablation in Taiwan was not only a physical modification but also a cultural and spiritual expression. Early Neolithic burials reveal the 2I2C1 and 2I2 patterns of tooth removal, indicating a ritualistic purpose. This custom became widespread and continued into the Iron Age, albeit with a shift in gender prevalence. The evolution of tooth ablation practices highlights its role in identity formation and social communication within ancient Taiwanese communities.
Ethnographic Records and Modern Perspectives
Taiwan's tradition of tooth ablation is one of the longest-lasting in the Austronesian-speaking world, with evidence extending from 4,800 BP to the 20th century. Historical records from Chinese and Dutch sources provide insights into the persistence of this practice. However, the systematic study of tooth ablation began in the late 19th century during Japanese colonial rule, with significant research conducted through aboriginal surveys. Despite this, the suppression of indigenous practices in the early 20th century led to the decline of tooth ablation.
Today, Taiwan recognizes 16 indigenous Austronesian-speaking groups, with at least nine practicing tooth ablation into the mid-20th century. The reasons behind the practice included aesthetic enhancement, cultural symbolism, and practical purposes such as preventing dental issues. Legends and folklore also contributed to the practice, reflecting its deep cultural roots.
Regional and Global Connections
Tooth ablation in Taiwan, particularly the 2I2C1 pattern, became a prominent cultural marker by the middle Neolithic and influenced neighboring regions. This practice spread to Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) around 4,200 BP and was observed in sites such as the Indonesian Archipelago, continuing for over a millennium. The spread of tooth ablation aligns with the "Out-of-Taiwan" migration model, suggesting that early Austronesian voyagers carried this tradition with them.
Evidence from southern China and Shandong highlights early ritualistic tooth ablation practices, proposing a connection to Taiwan's traditions. However, differences in practices and patterns suggest a complex interplay of local and migratory influences.
By examining archaeological and ethnographic evidence, the study enhances our understanding of how early Austronesian societies used body modification to express identity, spirituality, and social status.
Reference:
Zhang, Yue, Hsiao-Chun Hung, and Mike T. Carson. 2024. “Ritual tooth ablation in ancient Taiwan and the Austronesian expansion.” Archaeological Research in Asia 40 (December): 100543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2024.100543.
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