White light cystoscopy (WLC) – a procedure in which doctors illuminate a patient’s bladder with a white light and peer into it with a tiny camera – has long been a gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer, the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the U.S. Blue light cystoscopy (BLC), a related procedure that uses a blue light to activate a drug that makes bladder tumors fluoresce, has improved bladder cancer diagnosis in several clinical trials.
However, because most patients in these trials were Caucasian, it has been unclear whether this diagnostic improvement applied to all races. Using data from nearly 1,300 Caucasian, African American, Asian, and Hispanic patients with suspected bladder cancer from multiple medical institutions, a team that included UT Southwestern reported in Cancers that combining WLC with BLC improved diagnosis by an average of 10% across all races compared with WLC alone.
Asian patients benefited the most from the combined technique’s ability to spot potential tumors, and Hispanic patients benefited the most from its ability to rule tumors out. These findings suggest that supplementing WLC with BLC helps improve bladder cancer diagnoses across races.
UTSW researcher Yair Lotan, M.D., Professor of Urology, Chief of Urologic Oncology, and a member of the Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, contributed to the study. Dr. Lotan is a paid consultant for Photocure, the company that developed the fluorescent drug used with BLC.
Movements guided by vision (such as touching an elevator button) and those guided by sensing the body’s position in space (such as reaching to scratch one’s face) are driven by different brain activity. Characterizing this activity has been a challenge.
Researchers from UT Southwestern and other institutions report in the Journal of Neural Engineering that these movement types spark irregularities in brain waves called gamma oscillations in different parts of the brain. They monitored brain activity in patients who received an implant for deep brain stimulation as they repeatedly touched a clinician’s finger (visually guided) and their own chins (proprioception).
In these tests, researchers found more gamma wave irregularities in the motor cortex during the visually guided movements and more irregularities in the posterior parietal cortex during proprioception movements. Monitoring gamma waves also helped them identify connections among brain regions involved in these movements.
UTSW researchers Nader Pouratian, M.D., Ph.D., Chair and Professor of Neurological Surgery and Investigator in the Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, and Jeong Woo Choi, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, contributed to the study.
The inappropriate formation of bone within muscle, tendon, and other soft tissues, called heterotopic ossification (HO), is a common consequence of joint replacements and traumatic injuries.
Although researchers have traced the origin of HO to aberrant transformation of stem cells known as mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) led by a protein called HIF-1a, the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon has been unclear.
A team of scientists led by UTSW researchers shows in Bone Research that this transformation is caused by changes in the role MPCs play in organizing the extracellular matrix, a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds cells and provides structural and biochemical support.
By selectively deleting the gene for HIF-1a in MPCs, researchers determined that this protein appears to cause MPCs to consume more blood sugar. This increases the production of enzymes called PLOD2 and LOX involved in making collagen, the predominant component of the extracellular matrix.
In addition to HIF-1a, PLOD2 and LOX could eventually serve as targets for drugs to prevent or treat HO.
UTSW researchers contributing to this study include Benjamin Levi, M.D., Associate Professor of Surgery and Division Chief of Burn, Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery; Lin Xu, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health; Robert Tower, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery; Lei Guo, Ph.D., Computational Biologist; Senior Research Scientists Heeseog Kang, Ph.D., and Yuxiao Sun, Ph.D.; medical student Conan Juan; Research Assistants Ji Hae Choi and Michael Woodard; and Chase A. Pagani, graduate student researcher.
(Newswise/PP)
