University of Virginia Alzheimer’s researchers have discovered how harmful tau proteins damage the essential operating instructions for our brain cells, a finding which could lead to new treatments.
The toxic protein, the researchers found, warps the shape of the nuclei of nerve cells, or neurons. This alters the function of genes contained inside and reprograms the cells to make more tau.
While the protein has long been a prime suspect in Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative “tauopathies,” the new research from UVA’s George Bloom, Ph.D.; his recently graduated student Xuehan Sun, Ph.D.; and collaborators is among the first to identify concrete physical harms that tau causes to neurons. As such, it offers researchers exciting leads as they work to develop new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and tauopathies, which are now untreatable.
Alzheimer's and Tauopathies
Tauopathies are characterized by the buildup of tau inside the brain. Alzheimer’s disease is well known, but there are many other tauopathies, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. These diseases typically present as dementia, personality changes and/or movement problems. There are no treatments available for non-Alzheimer’s tauopathies, so the UVA researchers were eager to better understand what is happening, so that scientists can find ways to prevent or treat it.
Bloom and his team discovered that tau “oligomers” – assemblages of multiple tau proteins – can have dramatic effects on the normally smooth shape of neuronal nuclei. The oligomers cause the nuclei to fold in on themselves, or “invaginate,” disrupting the genetic material contained within. The physical location and arrangement of genes affects how they work, so this unnatural rearrangement can have dire effects.
The researchers found that patients with Alzheimer’s disease had twice as many invaginated nuclei as people without the condition. Increases were also seen in lab mice used as models of Alzheimer’s and another tauopathy.
The researchers say that additional research into how this process happens could open the door to new ways to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s and other tauopathies.
The researchers have published their findings in the scientific journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia. The article is open access, meaning it is free to read. The research team consisted of Xuehan Sun, Guillermo Eastman, Yu Shi, Subhi Saibaba, Ana K. Oliveira, John R. Lukens, Andrés Norambuena, Joseph A. Thompson, Michael D. Purdy, Kelly Dryden, Evelyn Pardo, James W. Mandell and Bloom. The researchers have no financial interest in the work.
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, grant RF1 AG051085; the Owens Family Foundation; the Cure Alzheimer’s Fund; Rick Sharp Alzheimer’s Foundation; Webb and Tate Wilson; and the NanoString nCounter Grant Program.
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